What is the underlying for INDEX futures ?
The underlying for the INDEX futures is the corresponding BSE Index. For e.g. the underlying for SENSEX futures is BSE Sensitive Index of 30 scrips, popularly called the SENSEX.
What is the contract multiplier ?
The contract multiplier is the minimum number of the underlying - index or stock that a participant has to trade while taking a position in the Derivatives Segment.As of May 2008, the contract multiplier for SENSEX is 15. This means that the Rupee notional value of a sensex futures contract would be 15 times the contracted value. The following table gives a few examples of this notional value
| 17800 |
267000 |
| 17850 |
267750 |
| 17900 |
268500 |
| 17950 |
269250 |
| 18000 |
270000 |
|
It may be mentioned here that the market lot may be changed by the Exchange in consultation with the NSE as per the SEBI guidelines on the same
What is the ticker symbol and trading hours ?
The ticker symbol is the selected alphabets of the underlying for e.g. the ticker for BSE Sensex is BSX while that for the Sensex 'mini' contract is MSX, for Reliance Industries Ltd., it is RIL, etc.
The trading timings for the Derivatives Segment of BSE are the same as that in the Equity Segment - from 9:55 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. (except in cases of Sun Outage when the timings are extended on account of a halt in trading during the day). Trading session's timings can be viewed at the Calendars Section.
What is the maturity of the futures contract ?
Presently, SEBI has permitted Exchanges to offer futures products of 1 month, 2 months and 3 months maturity only on a rolling basis- e.g. say for May, June and July months. When the May contract expires there will be a fresh contract month available for trading viz. the August contract. These months are called the Near Month, Middle Month and Far Month respectively.
On 9th June 2000, when Equity Derivatives were first introduced in India at the Bombay Stock Exchange, we started with the three monthly series for June, July and August 2000.
What is the tick size ?
This means that the minimum price fluctuation in the value of a contract the tick size is presently "0.05" or 5 paisa. In Rupee terms, this translates to a minimum price fluctuation of Rs. 0.75 for a single transaction of SENSEX Futures Contract (Tick size X Contract Multiplier = 0.05 X Rs. 15
How is the final settlement price determined ?
The closing value of underlying Index of the cash market is taken as the final settlement price of the futures contract on the last trading day of the contract for settlement purposes.
What is margin money ?
The aim of collecting margin money from the client / broker is to minimize the risk of settlement default by either counterparty. The payment of margin ensures that the risk is limited to the previous day's price movement on each outstanding position. However, even this exposure is offset by the initial margin holdings.
Margin money is like a security deposit or insurance against a possible Future loss of value. Once the transaction is successfully settled, the margin money held by the exchange is released / adjusted against the settlement liability.
Are there different types of Margin ?
Yes, there are different types of margin like Initial Margin, Variation margin(commonly called Mark to market or M -T- M) Exposure Margin and Additional Margin, if any.
What is the objective of Initial margin ?
The basic aim of Initial margin is to cover the largest potential loss in one day. Both buyer and seller have to deposit margins. The initial margin is deposited before the opening of the position in the futures transaction. This margin is calculated by SPAN by considering the worst case scenario.
What is Variation or Mark-to-Market Margin ?
Variation or mark to market Margin is the daily profit or loss obtained by marking the member's outstanding position to the market (closing price of the day) and receiving or paying the difference from / to him in cash on the succeeding working day
What are long / short positions ?
In simple terms, long and short positions indicate whether you have a buy position (long) or sell position (short).
Is there a theoretical way of pricing Index Future ?
The theoretical way of pricing any Future is to factor in the current price and holding costs or cost of carry. A Futures contract is normally by its very definition for a specified period of time, at the end of which it is settled. In order to compensate the seller for waiting till expiry for realizing the sale proceeds the buyer has to pay some interest which is reflected in the form of cost of carry.
In general, the
Futures Price = Spot Price + Cost of Carry.
Theoretically, the Cost of carry is the sum of all costs incurred if a similar position is taken in cash market and carried to maturity of the futures contract less any revenue which may result in this period. The costs typically include interest in case of financial futures (also insurance and storage costs in case of commodity futures). The revenue may be dividends in case of index futures.
Apart from the theoretical value, the actual value may vary depending on demand and supply of the underlying at present and expectations about the future. These factors play a much more important role in commodities, especially perishable commodities than in financial futures.
In general, the futures price is greater than the spot price (in case of a bullish sentiment in the market). In special cases, when cost of carry is negative (on account of a bearish view in the market), the futures price may be lower than Spot prices.
What is the concept of Basis?
The difference between Spot price and Futures price is known as Basis. Although the Spot price and Futures prices generally move in line with each other, the basis is not constant. Generally basis will decrease with time and on expiry, the basis is zero as the Futures price equals Spot price.
What are the profits and losses in case of a futures position ?
The profits and losses would depend upon the difference between the price at which the position is opened and the price at which it is closed. Let us take some examples.
Example 1
Position : Long - Buy June Sensex Futures @ 15500
Payoff :Profit - if the futures price goes up Loss - if the futures price goes down
Calculation : The profit or loss would be equal to fifteen times the difference in the two rates.
If June Sensex Futures is sold @ 15600 there would be a profit of 100 points which is equal to Rs. 1500 (100 X 15).
However if the June Sensex is sold @ 15450 there would be a loss of 50 points which is equal to Rs. 750 (50 X 15)
Example 2
Position : Short Sell June Sensex Futures @ 15500
Payoff :Profit - if the futures price goes down Loss - if the futures price goes up
Calculation : The profit or loss would be equal to fifteen times the difference in the two rates.
If June Sensex Futures is bought @ 15700 there would be a loss of 200 points which is equal to Rs. 3,000 (200 X 15).
However if the June Sensex Futures is bought @ 15400, there would be a profit of 100 points which is equal to Rs. 15, 00 (100 X 15).
What happens to the profit or loss due to daily settlement ?
In case the position is not closed the same day, the daily settlement would alter the cash flows depending on the settlement price fixed by the exchange every day. However the net total of all the flows every day would always be equal to the profit or loss calculated above. Profit or loss would only depend upon the opening and closing price of the position, irrespective of how the rates have moved in the intervening days.
Let us take the illustration where a long position is opened at 15550 and closed at 15650 resulting in a profit of 100 points or Rs. 1500
Let us assume that the daily closing settlement prices are as shown.
Example 3
Daily Closing Settlement Prices
| Day 1 |
15500 |
| Day 2 |
15580 |
| Day 3 |
15560 |
| Day 4 |
15600 |
| Position Closed |
15650 |
|
| Position Opened - Long @ 5550 |
|
|
|
| Day 1 |
15500 |
15500 - 15550 |
-50 |
| Day 2 |
15580 |
15580 - 15500 |
+80 |
| Day 3 |
15560 |
15560 - 15580 |
-20 |
| Day 4 |
15650 |
15600 - 15560 |
+40 |
| Position Closed - Short @ 15650 |
|
|
+50 |
| Profit / (Loss) |
|
|
100 |
|
In all the cases the net result is a profit of 100 points, which is the difference between the closing and opening price, irrespective of the daily settlement price and different MTM flows.
How does the Initial Margin affect the above profit or loss ?
The initial margin is only a security provided by the client through the clearing membe to the exchange. It can be withdrawn in full after the position is closed. Therefore it does not affect the above calculation of profit or loss.
However there would be a funding cost / transaction cost in providing the security. This cost must be added to the total transaction costs to arrive at the true picture. Other items in transaction costs would include brokerage, stamp duty etc.
What is a spread position ?
A calendar spread is created by taking simultaneously two positions
- A long position in a futures series expiring in any calendar month
- A short position in the same futures as 1 above but for a series expiring in any month other than the 1 above.
Examples of Calendar Spreads
- Long June Sensex Futures Short July Sensex Futures
- Short July Sensex Futures Long August Sensex Futures
A spread position must be closed by reversing both the legs simultaneously. The reversal of 1 above would be a sale of June Sensex Futures while simultaneously buying the July Sensex Futures.